Книга Плодовый питомник

Издание третье, переработанное и дополненное

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so .n:ocTHraeT csoero MaKcHMaJibHoro pocra, Ho Bbipacraer s ueJioM HeOOJiblliHM, paHbiiie BCTynaeT B nopy nJIO.ll:OHOIIIeHHH, HHTeHCHBHee DJIO.ll:OHOCHT H paHbiiie OTMHpaeT. CymecrsyiOIUHe H npHMeH.HeMhie no.n:soH MOJKHo pa3,n:eJIHTb Ha lie- Tblpe OCHOBHbiX rpynnbl no CHJie pocra: CHJibHOpOCJibie, cpe,n:HepOCJibie, DOJiyKapJIIiKOBble, KapJIHKOBble. 11Hor,n:a ,n:onOJIHHTeJibHO Bbi,n:eJI.HIOT olieHb CHJibHopocJibie H csepxKapJIHKOBhie ( cynepKapJIHKOBble). 0rMe- 1Ja.H npHMYIO 3aBHCHMOCTb pOCTa npHBHTOrO ,n:epesa OT CHJibl pOCTa DO.ll:BOH, HeOOXO.ll:HMO no,n:liepKHYTb, liTO B ::lTOH 3aBHCHMOCTH Her lieT- KHX KOJIHlieCTBeHHbiX COOTHOIIIeHHH. DbiBaeT, liTO OlieHb CJiaoopoCJibiH DO.ll:BOH He TaK pe3KO OCJiaOJIHeT poeT npHBOH, KaK 3TO MOJKHO npe,n:- DOJiaraTb Hcxo.n:H H3 conocrasJieHHH CHJibl pocra 3Toro no,n:BOH no or- HOIIIeHHIO K CHJibHOpOCJIOMy. HanpHMep, BHIIIHH CTenHaH- OlieHb Ma- JieHbKOe pacTeHHe C ,n:HaMeTpOM CTBOJIHKa 2-3 CM H BbiCOTOH OKOJIO }-1,5 M. 00blliHaH BHIIIHH KHCJiaH BbipacraeT BbiCOTOH 4-6 M, ,n:Ha- MeTp CTBOJia .ll:OCTHraeT 20-30 CM, O.ll:HaKO npH npHBHBKe O.ll:HOrO H roro JKe copra Ha o6a no.n:soH npHBHTbie .n:epeBbH He CTOJib cHJibHO pa3HHTCH no cHJie pocra (ra6JI. 3). 3. PoeT 10-AeTHux iJepeebeB euumu (B C)!) Ha pa3HbtX noiJeoRx (BHI111C HMeHH 11. B. MwiypHHa, 1951 r.) TIOI\\BOH I I I.ll:HaMCTP CTBoJia Bb1COT3 )lepesa .ll:HaMeTp KpoHhl BHlllHH KHCJJaH MeCTHaH II, 7 2il4 322 BHlllHH crenHaH 9,6 264 321 BHlllHH KHCJJaH MecrHaH Kpaca cesepa 254 311 BHlllHH crenHaH 242 292 10, I 8,9 CJiaoopOCJiaH BHIIIHH CTenHaH B ,J.aHHOM Ollb!Te no;J: BJIHHHHeM CHJib- HOpocJIOrO npHBOH yro.1IUa.Jiacb HaMHoro CHJibHee, lieM 3TO eli csoii:cr- BeHHo. DpH npHBHBKe HOJIOHH Ha MHornx Kap.JIHKOBbiX no.n:soHx .n:epeso llOJiyliaeTCH C TOJICTbiM nHeM no,n:BOH H TOHKHM CTBOJIOM rrpHBOH (puc. 12). AHa.Jiomrmoe no.JioJKeHHe Hao.JIIO,n:aercH H npH BbipaiUHBa- HHH CJiaOOpOC.JibiX ,n:epeBbeB MeTO.ll:OM HHTepKa.JIHpHOli npHBHBKH, KOr,n:a Ha CHJibHOpOC.JibiH no,n:BOH npHBHBaiOT KOpOTKoe 3BeHO Kap.JIHKOBOrO llO.ll:BOH ( OKOJIO 20 CM) H yJKe Ha Hero KYJihrypHbiH COpT, no.JiyliaH Ta- KHM nyreM Kap.JIHKOBOe ,n:epeBO (pHC. 13). <l>H3HOJIOfHIJeCKaH CTOpOHa CTOJib CHJibHOfO BJIHHHHH BCTaBKH CJia6o BbiHCHeHa, HO HHTepeCHO OT- MeTHTb, IJTO BCTaBKa Kap.JIHKOBOfO no,n:BOH npH ee .ll:JIHHe OKOJIO 20 CM MeHHeT secb o6MeH s pacreHHH H caMa, KaK rrpaBHJIO, OhiBaer TOJIIUe, lJeM CHJibHOpOC.JihiH rrpHBHTOH COpT (TaOJI. 4). 37



5. BbtCOTa 081tO.IIeTOIC Jl6.110HU (B CM) Ita pa31tblX no8BOJlX (flJJOJ(OOBOIIlHOH HHCTHTYT HMeH'H l1. B. MHtiypHHa) I IAHTOHOBK8 TienHH ma<jlpaHHhlll TIO,!IBOi! EopoaHHKa I ITianHpOBK8 Ycnex M9 91 ,7 81,7 112,8 112,9 97,8 M3 92,6 97,7 118,5 113,5 105,6 .n;aHHhiM B. <I>. ,UoJirosa, H B ycJIOBIUIX MHqypHHcKa poeT ca.H<eHues Ha 3THX nO,n:BOHX npaKTHqecKH O;:J:HHaKOB (Ta6JI. 5). no ,n:aHHbiM H. M. 3.n:opoBUOBa H K. C. 3,n:opOBUOBOH, B ycJIOBHHX BpecTcKoif o6JiaCTH ca:tKeHIJ.hi H6JIOHH Ha ,n:oBOJihHO cHJihHopocJIOM no.n:soe 54-118 paCTyT ,n:a:tKe cJia6ee, qeM Ha KapJIHKOBoif napa.n;H3Ke By.n;aroBcKoro. J1Hor.n;a cqHTa!OT, qro ycKopeHHe nJIO.ll:OHOilleHHH H yMeHbiiieHHe poeTa Ha Ka pJIHKOBhiX no,n:BOHX CBH3aHbi C ,n:aBHHM HX BereTaTHBHbiM pa3MHO:tKeHHeM, 3a BpeMH KOTOpOrO OHH «YCTapeJIH». <l>aKTbi He no,n:- TBep:tK,n:a!OT 3Toro MHeHHH. CymecTBYIOT KJIOHOBhie <tJopMbi no.n;soes CHJibHOpOCJIOfO THna, Ha KOTOpbiX npHBHTble ,n:epeBbH pa3BHBa!OTCSI CTOJih :tKe MOlli.HhiMH H ,n:oJiroseqHhiMH, KaK H Ha ceHHuax M12, Ml6. M1, M6, A2 H .n;p. <I>aKT MOlli.HOro pa3BHTHH KopHeco6cTBeHHhiX .n;e- peBbeB HeKOTOpbiX CTapbiX COpTOB, HanpHMep TiapMeHa 3HMHero 30- JIOTOfO, H OTCYTCTBHe YCKOpeHHH nJIO;:J:OHOll!eHHH y OTBO,n:oqHbiX KOp- HeCOOCTBeHHbiX, no cpaBHeHHIO C npHBHTbiMH, fOBOpHT 0 TOM, qTO H IIpH BereTaTHBHOM pa3MHO:tKeHHH MO:tKeT He npOHCXO;:J:HTb rrpaKTHqecKH 3aMeTHOfO crapeHHH. QqeBH;:J:HO, npH BereTaTHBHOM pa3MHO.H<eHHH H;:J:eT OTHOCHTeJibHOe OMOJIO:tKeHHe. KapJIHKOBhie <tJopMbi no.n:soes MoryT 6biTh u MOJIOJJ:hiMH oHToreHe- THqecKH. TaK, B HalliHX onbiTaX THnH'IHO KapJIHKOBb!MH OKa3aJIHCh He- JJ;aBHO BhiBe,n:eHHhie HaMH no.n;soH 3-17-38 (PaifKa KonhiJioBa XM9). 3-3-3 ( cH6HpKa X M9), 3-11 ( KHTaifKa aHHCOBaH X M9), 6-26 (JI!0- 6HMeu HHKH<lJoposa X M9). B onhiTax Ka3axcKoro HHH rrJio,n:oso.n;- crsa H BHHorpa.J.apcrsa caMbie cJia6opoCJihie .n:epeBbH noJiyqeHbi Ha He,n:aBHo BhJBe,a.eHHhiX no,a.BOHX B-1-29, :G-13-20, E-16-20, ApM 10. ApM 12, B TO speMH KaK Ha «crapoM» KJiaccH<IeCKOM KapJIHKOBOM no.n;soe M9 OHH BbipocJIH cHJihHee. OnbiT HcnoJih30BaHHH BbiBe,n:eHHoii B. H. Ey,n:aroBCKHM B 1938 r. napa.n;H3KH KpacHOJIHCTHoif (na pa,a.H3Ka Ey,n:aroscKoro), KoropyiO pac- npocrpaHHJIH B 3HaqHTeJibHOii Mepe nyTeM OKYJIHpOBKH, 6epH qepeHKH B KpoHe KycToB, noKa3hiBaer, qTo no Mepe OHToreHeTHqecKoro crape- BlHI 3TOT no;:~.soii 6oJiee cJia6opocJibiM He CTaHOBHTCH. TaKHM o6paaoM, IIOHHTHe 0 KapJIHKOBOCTH K3K 6HOJIOfHqecKOH «,n:pHXJIOCTH» COBepiiieH- HO HesepHo. B CBH3H c H3JIO:tKeHHbiM craHoBHTcH HCHhiM H TO, qro npHBHroe .n:e- peso «3peJIOfO» copra He nJIO;:J:OHOCHT HeCKOJibKO JieT IIOCJie IIpHBHBKH Jie IIO,n: CneuH<tJHqecKHM BJIHHHHeM MOJIO;:J:OfO nO.LI.BOH-CeHHUa, a B CH· 39

j}y oorn.ero OTHOCHTeJibHOfO OMOJIO:>KeHHSI, Bbl3biBaeMOfO pa3MHO:>Ke- HHeM, 11pH KOTOpOM 113 noqKH HJIH qepeHKa BblpBCTBeT UeJIOe )J.epeBO. '0THOCHTeJibHOe OMOJIO:>KeHHe KaK $aKTOp, 110)l.)l.ep:>KHBBIOUI.HH B Teqe- HHe )I.JIHTeJihHoro speMeHH oorn.y10 iKH3Hecnoco6nocTh seretaTHBHO pa3MHO:>KaeMbiX paCTeHHH, SIBJISieTcSI oqeHb sa21moi% npooJieMoif oHo- JiorHqe<:KoH: HayKH. Y CKOpeHHe llJIO)I.OHOIIIeHHSI DO)!. BJIHSIHHeM 110)1.BOSI COI1pOBO:>K)I.BeTCSI 'KaK 6oJiee 6biCTpbiM pocTOM ypo:>Kaes B nepBble ro)l.bi, TaK 11 6oJiee OhictpbiM npHtynJieHHeM HX pocta. HaH6oJiee pe3KHM oKa3biBaetcSI YCKOpeHHe llJIO)I.OHOIIIeHHSI Ha KapJIHKOBbiX 110)1.BOSIX )I.JISI 1103)1.Hel1JIOA- r.HblX copTOB. no )I.BHHbiM B. TpyceBHqa, KaH)I.HJib CHHan, npHBHTblH Ha M8, nJIO)I.OHOCHT y:>Ke Ha 4-5-ii ro)I., TOf)l.a KBK npHBHTbiH Ha st6Jio- HIO JiecHyiO )I.HKYIO KBBKB3CKYIO- Ha 13-15-H:. CKoponJIO)I.Hhle :>Ke copTa 6opoBHHKa, BarHep ycKopSIIOT BcTynJieHHe B nJIO)I.oHomeHHe Ha M8 no cpaBHeHHIO c npHBHTbiMH Ha st6JioHe )I.HKoH: scero Ha ro)l.. CHJia pocTa, )I.OJiroseqHoCTb npHBHTOro ,li.epesa, speMSI ero Bctyn- JieHHSI B llJIO)I.OHOIIIeHHe 3HaqHTeJibHO pa3HSITCSI KBK B 3BBHCHMOCTH OT liO)I.BOSI, TaK H OT co6CTBeHHbiX KaqecTB npHBOSI. no )I.BHHbiM B. 11. Ey- JJ,aroBCKOro, HenpiiBHTbie no)I.BOH M8 H M9 :>KHBYT 18-20 JieT. npHBH- Thie HB HHX ,li.epeBbSI He)I.OJlfOBeqHbiX COpTOB :>KHBYT )1.0 25-30 JieT, ]I;OJiroseqHbiX- K.aH)I.HJib cHHana, Po3MapHHa 6eJioro H ,li.pymx- )1.0 40-45 JieT. BpeMSI BcTynJieHHSI copta B nJio)l.oHomeHHe oKa3biBaeT BJIHHHHe He iOJibKO Ha CHJIY pOCTB, HO II Ha ero ra6HTyc. B 011biTBX BBTopa OTMe- qeHbl cJiyqau pe3Koro H3MeHeHHH ra6atyca copta Ha pa3HbiX no)I.- BOSIX. TaK, K.Htati:Ka 30JIOTaSI, npHBHTaSI Ha H6JioHe JiecHofi )I.HKoii, K 15-18 fO)I.BM )I.BeT )l.epeBO C 11pHI10)1.HSITOH KpOHOH, B ro BpeMH KBK HB Cl!OIIpKe O)I.HOB03paCTHbie )l.epeBbH 3TOfO COpTa HMeiOT paCKH)I.HCTYIO, ~a:>Ke noHHKJiyiO, KpoHy. Boo6rn.e Ha no)I.BOHX, ycKopSIIOUJ.HX HacTynJie- HHe 110pbl 11JIO)I.OHOUieHHSI, npHBHTbie )l.epeBbSI pBHbllle ll3MeHSIIOT Kpo- Hy. HaH6oJiee pe3KO BJIHSIHHe no)I.BOSI Ha ra6utyc npHBOSI 3aMeTHo npH cpaBHeHHH CHJihHopocJibiX H cJia6opocJibiX sapHBHTOB. YMeHhmeHue noKa3aTeJieii cHJibi pocTa )I.epesbeB, npHBHThrx Ha cJiaoopoCJiblx no,J.- 6 CaOTHOUleHue pacTa 8 BbtCOTY U TOAU{UHbt CTBOAa 8-AeTHUX aepeBbeiJ J!6AOHU copm AHTOHOBKa Ha pa3HbtX ,noaaoRx (BHI1l1C H~IeHH l1. B. MH'IYPHHa, 1979 r) I ICHnbHopocnwe no~BOH Cpe~Hepocnwe no~BOH KapnHKoswe no~ROH DoKasaTenb ~-ls-36sj 3-5-16 12-19-336 3-4-73 13-17-31 13-1-54 2-46-7713-17-3813-17-12 Bhlcora .nepena, CM 346 360 400 314 316 290 240 272 262 105 103 92 60 66 63 33 37 29 n.~oma.nb nonepeq- 19,3 21,7 13,7 13,6 II, I 30,3 26,9 23,0 19,1 aoro Ce'leHHH IIITaM6a, CM2 nJiomaJI:b nonepeq- HOro ce'!eHHH IIITaM6a a a 1 M BbiCOTbl, CM2 40



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npHBHBKe KYJihTYPHhiX copTOB Ha cJia6opocJibie IIO)J.BOH, rroJiyqeHHble C yqacTHeM H6JIOHH CH6HpCKOH HJIH ee 6JIH3KHX IIpOH3BO)J,HbiX, Ha~ upnMep 3-4-98, 3-4-73, 3-3-38, 3-6-47, 3-3-3 (cH6HpKa X M9), 3-17-8, X3-17-38 (PaiiKa K.orrhiJIOBa M9), IIJIO.l1.hi rrp11soes rroJiyqaJOTCH oqeHb KpyiiHbiMH, XOTH IIO)J.BOH HMeJOT oqeHb MeJIKHe IIJIO)J.bl (6-10 r). A.11ccJie)J.oBaHHH C. OscHHHHKoBa rroKasaJin, qTo qHcTaH rrpo.l1.yK- THBHOCTb cpOTOCHHTe3a (lJDCl>) y KapJIHKOBbiX )J.epeBbeB Bblllle, qeM y CHJibHOpOCJibiX ( T36JI. 7). 7. fl po8yKTUB/iOCTb tjJOTOCU/iTe3a R6AO/iU Ha C.ta60pOCAOM ll CUAb!iOpOCAOA-t nO()BORX (COpT AHTOHOBKa 06biKHOBCHHaH) foil I.Jfi¢>, I /M2 CYThH Pa3HHU,a, uo fiOTeHI.\\113Jib1!3ll ypoJKaJ!HOCTb, hf jM2 JIHCTbeB ICw'la6opOCJlbUi CH~lbHOpOCJJbdi c.1a6opocJiblll J CHJibHopocJiblll 1974 12,11 7,77 35,H 5,G5 3,63 1975 1977 12,4() K,37 32,8 5,Hl 3,91 Cpe.li.Hee H,40 il,H2 JH,H 3,92 3,18 7,h5 3,57 10,99 29, I 5,13 flpU,1te4aHtW CwldGopoC.'Ihl\\1 uo;J,BOC\\1 u ::tiO\\t oJII,Jic (I!,J.la JI<1Pd.J.H3Ka Sy;J.aroBCKoro. CHJJb• HOpOC.lhl\\1 - Cl'HHI(I>I hHl a II h. II Eo.1ee BbiCOKaH npo.l1.yKTHBHOCTb cpoTOCHHTesa H6JIOHH Ha cJia6o- pocJihix rroJJ,BOHX BbiHBHJiacb !I B onbnax H. M. L1a)J.blllieBa. 11M TaK- *e ycTaHoBJieiio, I.JTO y c.1a6opocJioro )J.epesa c peJJ.KOII, xopolllo ocBe- meHHoi1 KpOHOI{ BCH JIHCTOBaH llOBepXHOCTb ,{aCT Bb!COKYIO rrpO.l1.YK· THBHOCTb cpOTOCHHTe3a, TOr;.I.a KaK y ;1,epesa Ha Cll.1bHOpOCJIOM ITO)J.BOe C 6oJiblllOl1 rycToii KpOHOll 33TCllL'llllble •111CTbH )1.310T HH3KYIO rrpo)J.yK- THBHOCTb qJOTOCIIHTC33. B CBCTe lf3.10JK(:'HHOfO CT3HOB!ITCH HCHbiM, 'ITO IIpll O)J.Hli3KOI:lOI{ ITJIOIIL3)1.11 .1IICTOBOii IlOBepXHOCTII ll3 reKTape )J.epeBbH Ha c.1a6opoc:IbiX llO.l1.BOHX MoryT o6ecneqnTb 6o.TJbiiJHfr ypolli:aH, qeM )J.epeBbH Ha CHJibHOpOCJibiX IIO,J.BOHX. no Mepe CTapeHHH )J.epeBbCB, aaTyXallHH npHpoCTa, YBE'JIHI.JCHHH Harpy1KCHHOCTH ypolli:aCM npeHMYili.CCTBO Kap.1llKOBbiX )J.epeBbCB llOCTe- IlCHHO HC1.JC33CT H }1.3)KC, IIao6opoT, IlJIO)J.bl HX MoryT :\\!E'.'Ib1.J3Tb CHJ!b- rHee, qeM y CHJibHOpOCJibiX ,ii.epeBbCB. HanpH~tep, no }1,3Hllb!M K C. JIY- Ill.eHKO, B orrbnax Ys6eKcKoro Hl111 ca,J.OBO.'lCTBa, BHHorpa.l1.apcTBa H BHHO)J.E'.'IHH H:vteHH P. P. lllpe,1epa (TalliKCHT) .a.epeBbH CTapwe 30 JieT HMCJI!l CJIC,l.)'IOili.YIO cpe,UIIOIO Macey I1JI0,1,013 Ha pa3HblX I10/{B051X (s r): flpuaoti noaaoa Po3\\tapHH 6eJibiii M8 RO I\\aH)I.HJ!b CHHan M3 8i 5I6JIOHH CHBepca .li.HKaH 88 M8 M3 Ill ~6~0HH CHBepca )I.HKaH 128· 139,5 MS 89 M3 91 90 5I6,,oHH CHBepca .li.HKaH 43

B orrbiTax A. A. flo.ll.raeBcKoii: (KpacHo.ll.ap) c o6pe3KOH 18-JieTH!k .ll.epeBbH flemma JIOH.lJ.OHCKoro Ha M8 .n.asaJIH rrJIO.ll.bi cpe.ll.Heii: Maceo·· 95 r, B TO BpeM51 KaK O.ll.HOB03pacTHble .ll.epeBb51 Ha 516JIOHC KaBKa3CKu:: .D.HKoii:- 140 r. BrroJIHe noHHTHO, liTO 18 JieT .ll.JIH .n.epesbeB, npHBHTbr \\ Ha H6JIOHe KaBKa3CKOH )l.HKOH,- MOJIO.ll.OH B03pacT, )l.JI51 IIpHBHTbiX !L. M8- HalJ:aJio CTapeHHH, OTCIO)l.a H CTOJib pe3Ka51 pa3HHUa. TaKHM o6pa30M, peiiiaiOIUHM o6cToHTeJibCTBOM, orrpe.ll.eJIHIOIII.ll, pa3Mepbl IIJIO)l.OB rrpHBOH Ha TOM HJIH HHOM IlO.ll.BOe, 51BJIHIOTCH YCJIOB!i, liHTaHH51 Ka2K)l.Of0 OT,ll.eJibHO B35ITOfO IlJIO)J.a, 3aBHCHIUHe OT CHJibl poe. Ta .n.epesa, ypoBHH ypo2KaH, 3KoJiomiJ:ecKHX ycJioBHii:, arpoTeXHHKH. H<>. ITO,ll.BOHX, OCJia6JIHIOIUHX paCT H YCKOpHIOIUHX BCTyrrJieHHe rrpHBOeB cl IlJl'D,ll.OHOIIIeHHe, OTHOCHTeJibHO 60JiblllaH Harpy3Ka ypo2KaeM C03.ll.aCT· CH paHbiiie, IJ:eM Ha CHJlbHOpOCJibiX ITO.ll.BOHX, paHbllle MoryT MeJiblJ:aH H DJIO.ll.bl. CJie.noBaTeJibHO, DO.ll.BOH M02KCT oKa3biBaTb BJIHHHHe Ha pa3MepL IIJIO,ll.OB qepe3 XapaKTep HX IlHTaHHH. flpH C03.ll.aHHH 6JiarorrpHHTHbl' ycJIOBHH, Ha BbiCOKOM arpo<j)OHC, rrpH IlO.lJ.,ll.ep2KaHHH HOpMaJibHOrO npHpOCTa KapJIHKOBOCTb .lJ.CpeBa, o6ycJIOBJieHHaH DO,ii,BOeM, M02KeT CITO- C06CTBOBaTb yKpyrrHeHHIO rrJio,rr,oB. flpH He6JiarorrpHHTHbiX ycJIOBH5J:\\, nocpe.ll.CTBCHHOM yxo.11.e, CTapeHIIH, aaTyxaHHH rrpHpoCTa KapJIHKOBOCTJ .ll.Cpesa M02KeT BeCTH K 6oJiblllCMY H3MCJiblJ:eHHIO IT.IIO,ii,OB, lJ:CM y CH.'Ih- HOpOCJib!X .ll.CpeBbeB. 0TCIO,ll.a CTaHOBHTCH HCHbiM, t!TO KYJibTypa Kap- JIHKOB Tpe6yeT IlOBbiiiiCHHOH arpOTCXHHKH. Pe3KOe H3MCJiblJ:aHHe TIJIO,ll.OB MOJKCT Bbl3b!BaTb HCCOBMCCTHMOCTIJ r.IIO.ll.BOH H rrpHBOH. B Oilb!TaX B. TpyceBHt!a IJ:epeiiiHH PaHHHH, rrpi!- BHTaH Ha .ll.HKoii: t~epeiiiHe, .nasaJia ITJIO.ll.bi cpe.uHeii: Maccoii: 2 r, Tor.ua KaK rrpHBHTa51 Ha aHTHrrKe- 1,6 r. B orrbiTax asTopa AHTOHOBKa, rrpH- BHTaH Ha 516JIOHC JICCHOH ,ll.HKOH, B 1955 f. .ll.aJia IIJIO,ll.bl cpe,UHCH MaC- COH 144 ~ a rrpHBHTaH Ha ceHHuax PaHeTKH rryprryposoii: (6oJibiiif TIOJIOBHHbl .ll.CpeBbeB HMeJIH HCCOBMCCTHMOCTb rrpHBOH H ITO.ll.BOH) - 99 r. flpH 3TOM .11.epesbH, rrpHBHTbie Ha PaHeTKe rryprryposoii:, c Hop- MaJibHOH COBMCCTHMOCTbiO rrpHBOH H ITO.ll.BOH ,ll.dJIH IIJIO.ll.bl cpe,UHefr MaCCON 120-130 r (;1,0 170 r}, a C HCCOBMCCTHMOCTbi0-70-96 r. BaJKHO OTMCTHTb, t!TO H rrpH HCCOBMCCTHMOCTH rrpHBOH H ITO,ll.BOH H3MCJ!blJ:aHHC ITJIO,ll.OB CBH3aHO C OTHOCHTCJ!bHOH HarpyJKeHHOCTbiO ypo· .2KaeM. HarrpHMep, .uepeso c pe3KOH HecoBMCCTH:viOCTb!O, H3o6paJKeH- Hoe Ha pHCYHKC 5, rrpH CJia60M ITJIO.ll.OHOIIICHHH ,UaBaJIO IlJIO,ll.bl MaCcoi'I no 160 r (Hx 6biJIO scero 22) - caMbie KpyrrHbie s sapHaHTe, B .upy- rHe fO,ll.bl OHO .ll.aBaJIO ITO 50-60 IIJIO.ll.OB, KOTOpb!C 6b!JIH CaMbiMH MC.1· KHMH B BapHaHTC- B cpe,UHCM 45 r. Kat~ecTBeHHbie rroKa3aTeJIH IIJIO.ll.OB, B t~acTHOCTH BKYC H caxapH· CTOCTb, B HCKOTOpOH Mepe IlO,ll.BCpJKeHbl BJIHHHHIO IIO,ll.BOCB. flpH 3TOM He HMeeT peiiiaroruero 3Hat!CHHH BKYC IIJIO,ll.OB caMoro IlO,ll.BOH. rmm- Hoe, orrHTb-TaKH s ycJIOBHHX <jJopMHposaHHH KaJK.uoro rrJio.ua. CJia6o- pocJibie .11.epeBbH, KaK npaBHJIO, .naroT HeCKOJibKO 6oJiee caxapHCTble nJIO.ll.bi. Eho CBH3aHo c ycJIOBHHMH rrHTaHHH rrJio.ll.a, xopoiiieii: ocserueH· HOCTbiO, HaXOJK)J.CHHCM B 6oJiee TCITJIOM MHKpOKJIHMaTe. flo .lJ.aHHbiM B. l1. Ey.naroBcKoro, rrJIO.ll.bi .nepesbeB, npHBHTbiX Ha rrapa.ll.H3KY Kpac- 44

~oJIHCTHyiO, co~ep2Kanrr B cpe.uHeM na 1% caxapa 6oJihllle, qeM npn- :JHiTbiX Ha KHTaHKy. ,J1cKJII04HTeJibHO HpKHH CJiyqafi OTpHUa TeJibHOfO BJIHHHHH II0)1.B05t .na Kaqecrso nno.uos npnsoH Ha6.riiOJI.aJI A. H. TarapHHOB y rpyllln. B ero onh!rax Ha KpbiMcKoii OIIbiTHoii CTa HUHH ca.uoso.ucrsa no.usoii .ceHHUhi rpylliH PerenH Bbi3BaJI Heo6hrl!aimo pe3Koe H3MeJibl!aHHe nno- JxOB pH.ua npHBHTbiX copros (Eepe Ap.uaanoH, Eepe BocK rr .up.) • .BKyc 9THX nno.u.os ol!eHb nnoxoiL 5Is.'!eHlfe orMel!aercH e2Kero.uHo. B ro )Ke speMH cal'<!H npHBHTbie .uepeBbH HOpMaJibHoro su.ua, yMepeH- :~~oro pocra, KpenKo .uep2KatcH B noqse, J-IHKaKoii 6one3HeHHOCTII He npo.HBJIHIOT. 3ror cnyqaif oco6biH II oH rpe6yer cneuiiaJibHoro BbiHcHe- .HHH nprr4HH. Ho, c .upyroii cropOHhi, oH noKa3biBaer, HacKOJibKO J3B2KHO MHOfOJieTHee npHMOe IICIIblTaHHe COpTO·IIO)J.BOHHbiX KOM6H- JI8UIIH. ·B JI H H H H e II 0 )1. B 0 51 H a II p 0 X 0 2K )1. e H II e II p H B 0 e M cp e H 0· .JI or II q e c K II x ¢a 3. BereraUIIH copra IIa scex no.usoHx Ha4IIHaer- c51 npaKTIIl!eCKII O)J.HOBpeMeHHO. fnaBHOH npHl!IIHOH 9T0f0 HBJIHeTCH {))J.HOBpeMeHHbiH BbiXO)J. II3 COCTOHHIIH KaK BhiHY2K.UeHHOfO, TBK II ecre- .CTBeHHOfO noKoH. OrrbiThi asropa c 3HMHHM orpaiiumaHIIeM serseii ..n.epeBbeB H6JIOHII, IIpHBHTblX Ha CH6HpKy, KIIT8l!Ky, 516JIOHIO JieCHYIO ..n.nKyro, ceHHUbi AHTOHOBKH, ceHHUbi AHnca, ceHHUhi CII6rrpcKIIX cop· TOB- paHeTOK (PaHeTKa rryprrypoBaH H )J.p.), He IIOK838.'IH pa3HHUbi .BO BpeMeHH Bb!XO)J.a H3 COCTOHHHH ecrecTBeHHOfO IIOK051. He 06Ha- pyMeHo pa3HHUbl H npH Otp8IUIIB8HHH BeTBe(r BHIIIHH C )J.epeBbeB, IIpHBHThiX Ha p83Hb!X IIO.II.BOHX. r.B ycnOBHHX KpaCHO.II.apa, no )J.aHHbiM B. TpyceBHlJa, CII6HpKa 1-!epe)J.KO•Hal!HHaeT poeT yMe B 51HBape, BO BpeMH IIOTenneHHH, O)J.Ha- ](O npiiBHTbie Ha HeM .II.epeBbH H6.10HH Ha4HH810T BeretaUHIO O)J.HOBpe- MeHHO C IIpiiBHThlMH Ha JI.pyrHX IIO)J.BOHX, HMeiOIUIIX 6onee rrpO)J.O.ri)KII- \"fe.ribHbiH nepHo.U noKoH. B onhrrax BHI1I1C HMeHH H. B. MHl!ypiiHa npaKTHl!ecKH He yJI.anocb y.II.JIHHHTb nepuo.u rroKOH copros a6pHKoca nyreM npHBHBKH Ha cnrrsy. Qqesn,J,HO, npouecchr, perynrrpyiOIUIIe Bhi· :XOJI. II3 COCTOHHHH IIOK051, HBCTO.rlbKO noKaJIH30B8Hbi B TOl!KBX poCTa, ~TO IIO)J. B.riHHHHeM KOpHeBOH CHCTeMbl He MOryt H3MeHHTbCH. 0paKTII4eC_KH O.Il.HOBpeMeHHO npoteKaeT H UBeTeHHe COpTa Ha pa3- 'HblX IIO)J.BOHX. MoMer u:v1erb Mecro HeKoropaH pa3HHUa B Ha4ane pac- nycKaHHH no4eK u cpoKe usereHHH. EcnH, HanpnMep, .uepeBbH KY.rib· ·-rypHoro copra H6JioHH Ha o.uHoM no.usoe o6unhHo useryr, a Ha .upy- TOM He UBeTyT, TO y nepBblX paHbiiie Ha6yXaiOT H paCKpbiBBIOTCH IIOl!· 'KH, TaK KaK UBeTKOBb!e IIOl!KH Boo6rue paCKpbiB310TC51 paHbllle poc- c.\"''OBbiX. no )J.aHHbiM K. fnyrueHKO, B ycJIOBHHX TaiiiKeHTa usery· lUHe .UepeBbH H6.riOHH pacnycKa!OTCH paHbllie Ha 7-15 )J.HeH, \"!eM He- :U.se;yrurre. B ycnoBIIHX cpe.uHei'r 30Hhi 9ra pa3HIIUa MeHbllle, Ho raK- }Ke oruyTHMa. HH3KOe .uepeso MO)KeT pacnyctHTbCH paHbllle, 4eM BbiCO- l<oe, TaK KaK BHII3Y CH.rlbHee npHrpeB. Y )I.epeBa a6pHKOCa H.r!H 516no- liH, UBeryruero Ha 6yKeTHbiX BeT04K3X, paHhllle pacnycKa!OTCH UBeTKII, 'tleM Y U.Beryruero Ha npoiiinoro)J.HHX pocTOBhiX nprrpocrax, no3TOMY '-€CJIH Ha O,l!.HOM IIO)J.BOe O)J.HOCOpTHbie MOJIO)J.hle )J.epeBbH SI6.riOHR H 45

a6pHKOCa ITOKpblTbl 6yKeTHbll\\IH BeTOl!KaMH, a Ha ,npyroM HeT, TO IT<Ci• Bhre pacrrycnnc.H paHbUie. Op11 Ha6.1IO,neHH.HX 3a rrpoxo)!(,neHHeM cpeHocpa3 Heo6xo,nHMO cpai ylHHBaTh O.UHO!I:MeHHhre opraHhl .nepeBa, pacrroJIO:II<eHHhre B cxo,nHhiX JIOBH.HX. ,Z:LmneJihHOCTh rrepno.na rrocTyrraTeJihHoro pocTa rro6eroB ' HeKOTopoii cTerreHH 3aBHCHT OT rro,nBo.H. Ha CHJihHopocJibiX rro,nBo5: y rrpHBHThiX MOJIO,LlblX ,nepeBhCB 06hll!HO pOCT 3aKaHl!HBaeTCH HeCKO:Il Ko IT03)!(e, l!eM Ha KapJIHKOBhiX. B cTapoM B03pacTe 3Ta pa3HHIL cnra)!(rmaeTC.H. HecoBMCCTH:MOCTh rrpHBO.H H rro;r.BoH TaK)!{e coKpama( rrep11o.n pocTa. Co3pesaHHe rrJio;r.os rrpOTeKaeT rrpaKTHl!ecKH o;r,HoBpeMeHHO IL pa3Hh!X ITO,UBO.HX, HO l\\lO)!{eT 6hiTb pa3HHUa B HCCKOJlhKO ,UHCH. Y Kap .lHKOBbiX H6.10Hb I1J10,Llbl C03peBa!OT HeCKOJlhKO paHbUie, l!eM y CH.lb Hopoc.lhiX. Jle)!{KOCTb ITJIO,UOB ,nepeBbeB, rrpHBHTbiX !Ia pa3Hb!X ITO.!I.BOHX, CBH 3aHa CO CTCITeHb!O HX Bb13peBaHHH K MOMCHTY CbeMa, a TaK)!{e pa3Ml' pa ~m. Eo.1ee KpyrrHhie 11 6o.1ee Bhi3peBUIHC Il.'IO.Uhi, KaK rroKa3hiBai01 n.HCCJIC,J.OBaHHH E. cf>paHl!yK, xpaHHTCH MeHbUie, 'ICM MCHCe KpyrrHLIL H CHHThle B OITTHMa.lbHOii CTerreH!I 3pe.10CTH. B 3T0:\\1, O'ICBH;I,HO, r.'IaB Ha.H rrpHl!HHa :MCHbllleir JIC)!(KOCTH TI.lO,UOB C KapJIJ1KOBbiX ,nepeBbCB Ha6JIIO;rasmaHCH B onbiTax I1 A. cf>paiiMaHa, B. H. Ey;r.aroBCKon H ;r,p. YcKopeHHe co3pesaHH.H rr.1o;r.os rro;r. BJiliHHne:-.r Kap.111KOBoro rro.1 BOH MO)KeT 6biTh npaKTH'IeCKII no.1C3Hhl:>.I I! Hcno.le3Hhnt. HarrpHMep B yc.10BHHX .\\luqyprmcKa npHBI!BKa Ccseprwro Cl!Harra, copTa c OlJCII. IT03,LlHHM Bbl3peBaHHC\\l TIJ10,UOB, na Kap.lHKOBbiC TIO,J.BOI! IIOBbiUiaeT I.;a qecTso rr.•IO,l.OB B pe3y.lhTaTe .1ylrmero Bhi3pcsaHHH. B TO )!(C spc:-.11 ,UJIH AHTOHOBKII 3TO BC,J.CT K cmm;crm!O UE'HHOCT!I, TaK KaK COpT II rpynrrhi IT03,J.IICOCCIIIIII\"\\ nepeXO.li!T B rpynny OCE'll!IIIX I! TI.lO.lhl ('!'1 CJIHUIKO:'I! paHO nepe3peBaiOT. 0!\\0HllaHJie BereTall!l!I rrpH na:III'IIIII flO.IIIOl\"I CUC\\ICL'TI!:VIOCTI! \\ICiK.t;, rrpHBOe::\\1 H IlO,J.BOC\\1 y COjJT3 Ha pa lllb!X ITO;.l.BOHX rrpOTeKaCT O,UHOBpl' MeHHO 3aBHCH~IOCTb ;I.ll!TC•lLHOCTl! BercTaiUill IljJIIBOH OT ,J..'l!ITe:I!J HOCTH BCreTaUHll ITO,J.BOH HC Bb!HB.lHCTCH 3TO ITO;ITBC'!DK,Z:(aCTCH :\\Ill(; fOJICTHHMH Ha6.110.1CHHHMI! B pa3Hb!X TOlJI\\aX I!CC.1C;IOBaTC.lbC!\\(J, pa6oTbi no rro;r.BOH\\1 Harrpnvrcp. aHnrm.;a B yc.1oBIIHX Nlii'Iyprmc~o:a ,,, ycneBaeT 3aKOHlli!Tb BereTaUll!O, a I1p11Bl!TaH Ha HCJ\"! BIIWHH :JaKaH'Ill BaCT BereTaUHIO O,UHOBpC:'IICHHO C npHBI!TO!\"! Ha CCHIIUaX BHil!HII. Boo6rue BH..'J:H:Moii 3aTH:II(KI! screTaumr no;r. B.lHHHHe:vi rro.nso.H Ill r.Ha6mo;r.aeTCH. 3TO OTMClJaeTCH TaK:II(C B pa6oTax .n.KpacHoJrape, B. TpyceBHlla ' A. AnoHHa B .\\p:'I!Cilli!I H :rpyrnx ncc.1e;I.OBarc\"1eii Op11 necoBMeCTHMOCTH rrpHBOH H rro;r,BoH rrepHo;r. sereTaUHH coKpa· ruaeTCH ,Ua)!(e B TCX cJiyqaHX, KOf.Lla CaM IlO,UBOH CTIOC06eH BerCTil poBaTh .UOJibUie rrpHBOH. AHTHTIKa sereTHpyeT .noJihme qepeUIHH, HO : l!epeUIHH, rrpHBHToii Ha neii, rrep11o.n BereTaUHH coKpamaeTc.H. A6p11· KOC BereTHpyeT ,UO.>lhllle rrepCHKa, HO y rrepCHKa, IIpHBHTOfO Ha a6pH· KOCe, H a6pHKOCa, IIpHBHTOfO Ha rrepCHKC, TaK)!(e COKpamaeTCH rrepHO;I BereraUHH. Y KYJihTYPHhiX copTOB .H6JIOHH, rrpHBHThiX Ha cH6HpKe- 46

ne~roiUHXHO.ll. sereTaUHH COKparuaeTCH, rrpH4eM 3TO rrpOHCXOil,HT 11 )' COpTOB, rrepHO.ll. sereTaurm 6u.flee KopoTKHrl, l.JeM y cH6HpKH, HarrpH- fiM \" .. Mep, KHTallhii 30JHHOH. HecosMeCTHMOCTb rrpnsoH H rro~BOH no THrry KpaxMaJibHoro rono- JiaHHH ,ueHCTByeT ITOtJ.06HO KOJibUeBaHHIO 11.11! KOJibUeBoti rrepeTH:rKKe CfBOJia. 3aTpyJLH5leTC5l OTTOK BerueCTB 1\\ KOpHHM, CHIDK3CTC51 cpOTOCJlH- 'fCTI11.JCCK35l JLC51TCJibHOCTb, 6b1CTpee CTa peiOT JIHCTbH. B ro;J.bl c 3a- 'fiTJKHOH BCfCT3UHCH rrpe)K;l.eBpeMei!I!OCTb ITOHB.1CllllH OCCHHeH OKpaCKH .JIHCTbCB y T3KHX JLCpeBbeB MeHCC pe3KO Bblp3)J\\CHa. 3TO )!\\C 6bJBaeT fl npll H3J!Hl.JHH IIJIOJI,OB- IIOTpe6HTCJiei'I ITJI3CH!l.JCCKOfO :vi3TCpHaJia. HeKOTopa51 pa3HHUa B OKOHl.JaHHH aereTaUHII MmKeT Ha6.1IOJJ.3TbC51 npH cpaBHHTCJlbHOM H3Y4CHHH ITO;l.BOeB C pe3KO pa3.1Ill.JHO(J 3KOJ!Orll- qeCKOH npHCITOC06JieHHOCTb!O. IlpH HCil,OCTaTOl.JHO(J 3acyxoyCTO{Jt!IIBOC- 'fH ITOJLBOH sereTaUHH npHBHTbiX Ha HC:V! J,epeBbeB MO)J\\CT COKp3UJ.3Tb- C5l. BJIH51HHe rroLLB051 Ha 3H:\\IOCToi'IKOCTb npHBOH. 3aMeHa MCHCC 3HMOCTOHKHX KOpHC(J rrpHB051 60JJee 3HYIOCTO(JK!!:v!ll KOpH51MH IIIOLLBOH rroBbllllaeT 3HMOCToi'rKOCTb LLepesa a ueno:vr. HenocTaTol.JHa51 XOJIOJI,OCTOHKOCTb IWJ1HE'H ITOJI,BOCB orpaHI!l.JIIBaeT !IX rrpi!MeiiCHHe. Me)KJLY o6rueti 3HMocToi'rKoCTbiO rronsoH 11 xo.10LLOCToi1KocTbiO ero ycno-iKOpHeH He BCerna eCTb TBepna51 CB513b. AHT!!ITKa, HanpH\\1C)J, B BH5IX Mn4ypHHCKa HC3HMOCTOHI-:a, HO KopHII ec BuiCOI\\OY.O.lOLLOCTOHK!l 11: rrpHBHTbie Ha 3TOM no;~.soe JLepeBbH 3I!'.IYIOT 6narorronyl.JHO. Cmma :~~,ueT ,uaJibllle Ha cesep, l.JeM a6pHKoc, Ho KopHH a6pHKoca 6onee xo- .JIOLLOCTOHKH, l.JCM KOpHH cmiBbl. Ha YKpamre B cyposy10 6eccHe)!{Hyro 3HMY )955/56 f. OT Bbl:v!C)J33HHH KO)JHC!\"! Bbifl3.13 CJIIIBa, ITj)llBIITa51 Ha 2Jlbll.JC H CJIHBe, H yuenena rrpi!BHT351 1!3 a6pl!KOCC. 3Hal.JHTCJ!bHOe ITOBbllllCHHC 3!1MOCTOHKOCTI! rrpHB!ITOfO ;J.epesa MO- JKCT 6b!Tb ,UOCTHrHYTO nyTe:vi II)JHBIIBKJ! B KpOHY YCTOi'Il.JIIBOfO riOJI,BOH. B 3TOM OCHOBHYIO )JOJ!b HrpaeT 33MeHa MCHee CTO(JKOfO CTBOJ!a H OC- HOB3HHH CYl.JbCB ri)JHBOH 6onee YCTOHl.JIIBb!Yil! 43CTHMH IT0il,B051. l.ho )!{C KacaeTCH 311!\\IIOCTOr\"IKOCTII ri)JHBOH, TO )JC3KI!X 113MCHCHlll\"I 3,uecb LL06HTbC51 HCJib351. 06 3TOM m1can 11. B. MH4Y)JHH, MHoro neT IlOTpaTHB!llHH Ha «3KK.1JHM3Tll33UHIO» TaimM nyTel\\1 10}1\\Hb!X COpTOB, ropHl.Jo rrporraraH;J.HposaHHYIO H. fpe.1.1cM. WnpoKHe O!lbiTbi no npn- BHBKe KYJibTypHbiX copTOB 516JIOHH ll rpymu B KpoHy ycTor!l.JI!BbiX JLII· .KHX IIOLLBoes, rrpose;~.eHHbie non .nemiHrpaJ.0\\1 I I. Il. )Kyl.JKOBbiM, He :noKa3aJIH ITOBbiilleHII51 3IIMOCTOHKOCTII TKaHeti npiiBOH. B 3IIMY 1955/56 r. 3TH )J3CTCHH51 B OCHOBHOM BbiMep3.1H. B IJ3IllllX OITbiT3X ITO H3Y- \"'CHH!O Ill ycTOHl.JHBblx cKe,'JeToo6pa3oBaTenerr 516JIOHH 11 17 cKene- 'Too6pa3oBaTeJieti rpylllH T3K)!{C He Ha6~'IIOJ]3,'10Cb TIOBbiilleHH5I 3HMO- 'CT0HKOCTH rrpHB051. B 1964 r. 3HMHe-BeceHHHe oJKorH Ha6niO,'I3JIHCb Ha 3flb!COTe ,11.0 M H MCCTa IIpHBHBKH COpTOB Ha CKCJICT006pa30B3TCJIH, 'C,ll.CJ!aHHbie Ha Bb!COTe ]].0 1,5 M, TIOI!3,H! B 3T\\' 30H\\'. Y MHOI'IIX j]C· JleBbeB MaJI03HMOCTOHKoro DerrHHa IllacppaHHoro oJKorn Ha6niOJJ.aJIHCb KaK\" pa3 HaLL MCCTOM IIpHBHBKH ll I1p11BOH IIOrH6JIH, TOf,J.a I\\3K 3HMO- CTOHKHe IIO,UBOH ·6naroiiOJIY'lHO coxpaHHJIHCb. DoJ~,06Hae 6b!JIO 11 rrocJie ~yposoii 3HMbi 1978/79 r. 47

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